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Linux

C . -, .

C . -, . FHS Unix- .

( Unix ) [1-3]. Unix- , (Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, FHS).

FHS 1993 Linux. Filesystem Standards Project (FSSTND), 14 1994 . 1995 FSSTND, Linux, Unix- , BSD 4.4. , FHS (www.pathname.com/fhs). , BSD .

-, , , Unix- , «» . , . (ext2fs, vfat ..). -, Unix- — . , , . , , . . , , , , . , , . . , FHS.

FHS :
  • bin - (), , (, );
  • boot - , ;
  • dev - ;
  • etc - ;
  • home - ();
  • lib - ;
  • lib - ();
  • mnt - ;
  • root - root ();
  • opt - ;
  • sbin - ;
  • tmp - ;
  • usr - ;
  • var - .

- ( ) . -, , -, FHS , , . . , , .

/bin , , , , , , , (, ). , , , /usr/bin. /bin ( ): cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, cp, date, dd, df, dmesg, echo, false, hostname, kill, ln, login, ls, mkdir, mknod, more, mount, mv, ps, pwd, rm, rmdir, sed, sh, stty, su, sync, true, umount, uname, csh, ed, tar, cpio, gzip, gunzip, zcat, netstat, ping. /bin .

/boot , , . /, /boot; , , /sbin, — /etc.

/dev — . , , /dev MAKEDEV, .

/etc , , . FHS /opt, . /etc/opt/package. /etc :

  • /X11 - X Window;
  • /sgml - SGML XML;
  • csh.login - csh;
  • exports - NFS;
  • fstab - ;
  • ftpusers - FTP;
  • gateways - routed;
  • gettydefs - , getty;
  • group - ;
  • host.conf - ;
  • hosts - ;
  • hosts.allow - , ;
  • hosts.deny - , ;
  • hosts.equiv - rlogin, rsh, rcp;
  • hosts.lpd - lpd;
  • inetd.conf - inetd;
  • inittab - init;
  • issue - , ;
  • ld.so.conf - ;
  • motd - , ;
  • mtab - ;
  • mtools.conf - mtools
  • networks - ;
  • passwd - ;
  • printcap - lpd;
  • profile - , ;
  • protocols - IP-;
  • resolv.conf - ;
  • rpc - ;
  • securetty - , root;
  • services - ;
  • shells - ;
  • syslog.conf - syslogd.

mtab , /etc, , .

/home, /home/smith, /home/operator .. ( /home ) , , /home/staff, /home/students. , .

/lib , /bin /sbin. , , , ( , ): libc.so.*, C; ld*, / . /lib , , /usr (, X Window). , libm.so.* /usr/lib, /bin /sbin. /lib , (, 32- 64- ), ( /lib32 /lib64).

/mnt . .

/opt FHS . , /opt/, — . /opt//bin, /opt//man Unix man. , ( ), /var/opt, /etc/opt. /opt, /var/opt /etc/opt, , , . , /var/lock, /dev.

/root — . — . FHS , , . root . , root, postmaster webmaster .

/sbin ( , root). , (restoring, recovering, and/or repairing the system), /bin. , /sbin, — shutdown. , ping, , , /bin. , /sbin, , , setuid setgid. /bin /sbin , , , . , /sbin .

/tmp , . /tmp .

( , , /var) :

/usr/spool -> /var/spool

/usr/tmp -> /var/tmp

/usr/spool/locks -> /var/lock

/usr/local , . , /usr, . . , , /usr.

/usr/share , . , i386, Alpha PowerPC /usr/share, . , , (man, doc) (dict, terminfo, zoneinfo). , , , /usr/share ( /usr/local/share, ). /usr/share :

  • man — ;
  • misc — - , /usr/share;
  • dict — (), words , look ; , , , /usr/share/dict/french, /usr/share/ dict/danish ..;
  • doc - ();
  • games - /usr/games ();
  • info - GNU Info ();
  • locale - ();
  • nls - ();
  • sgml - SGML XML ();
  • terminfo - terminfo ();
  • tmac - troff ();
  • zoneinfo - ().

, /usr/share/games, . , , /var/games.

, man . //manN/, — (, i386), , :

[_][.][,].

/var : , , . /var . /var/log, /var/lock /var/run. , , /var/mail, /var/cache/man, /var/cache/fonts /var/spool/news. /var FHS , /usr . , ( ), /var. «» — , : /var/backups, /var/cron, /var/msgs,

/var/preserve.

/var. . /var/cache . /var/spool, . . , (, ). , , /var. fonts ( ), man ( ), www ( WWW-), ( ). /var/cache/man , /usr , , . , /usr (, ) /var/cache/man, cat /usr/share/man.

, , , /var/lock. , «LCK..», . /var/lock .

/var/log : lastlog ( ); messages ( syslogd); wtmp ( ).

/var/mail, . Unix.

, /opt, /var/opt/, — /opt, , , - /etc. /var/opt/ .

/var/run , . /var/run, , . , , (PID). : .pid. PID- ASCII, , . , crond 25, /var/run/crond.pid : , . /var/run utmp, , . /var/run.

/var/spool , - : lpd ( ), mqueue ( ), news ( ), uucp ( UUCP) ..

/var/tmp , , .

, (, ). , , , mount. , , . , .

.

  • .
  • , . . .
  • .
  • , /bin, /dev, /etc, /lib, /sbin , , /root.
  • /boot , 1024 .
  • (home, mnt, opt, tmp, usr, var) ( ). , , /usr, /opt /var , . , /var , /var /usr. /var /usr /usr /var , /var /usr/var.

, FHS, Linux BSD. Linux . , Red Hat Linux 7.3 8.0 /etc/opt , , /etc. . FHS, , , Linux, .

  1. . , " Linux ". .: "-", 2002.
  2. . , " Linux LVM". http://www.softerra.ru/freeos/20792/print.html.
  3. . , " Linux : ". http://linuxshop.ru/unix4all/?cid=&id=12.

(kos@linux-ve.net) — ()

. , /usr.
bin . /usr/bin/X11 /usr/X11R6/bin, . Perl, Python Tcl /usr/bin ( ).
include, C, . /usr/include/X11 /usr/X11R6/include/X11, .
lib , , .

/usr/lib. , - , , . (: perl5 Perl 5.)
local .
sbin , , - /sbin. /usr/local/sbin.
share- .
X11R6 X Window. XFree86 X Window , /usr/X11R6 :

/usr/bin/X11 -> /usr/X11R6/bin

/usr/lib/X11 -> /usr/X11R6/lib/X11

/usr/include/X11 -> /usr/X11R6/include/X11

, , /etc/X11, /usr/X11R6/lib.
games .
lib .
src .
Linux

FHS , Linux.

  • Linux- vmlinux vmlinuz, Linux.
  • setserial /bin.
  • /dev Linux Allocated Devices, .
  • lilo.conf /etc.
  • proc Linux , proc , .
  • Linux- /sbin - ext2fs (badblocks, dumpe2fs, e2fsck, mke2fs, mklost+found, tune2fs); lilo; ldconfig, sln, ssync; ctrlaltdel, kbdrate.
  • C C++, glibc, :

    /usr/include/asm -> /usr/src/linux/include/asm-

    /usr/include/linux -> /usr/src/linux/include/linux

  • , libc, glibc, Linux /usr/src/linux. C C++, , :

    /usr/src/linux/include/asm-

    /usr/src/linux/include/linux

    - (, i386).

    /usr/src/linux .
  • /var/spool/cron - cron at.
***

, , -. , .

, «sbin», : - , «bin». , , , , /usr/bin.

/usr , . , FHS- . , , . /usr. X Window .

FHS , . . , , .

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